Ethiopia mu Ntambara y’Amazi: Urugomero rwa GERD rwa mbere muri Afurika rutanga umuriro mwinshi, rushobora gusiga Misiri yicwa n’inzara

Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD), uzwi kandi nka umushinga munini cyane wa hydroelectric muri Afurika, uherutse gutangizwa ku mugaragaro ku wa 9 Nzeri 2025. Uyu mushinga umaze imyaka irenga 14 wubakwa (watangiye mu 2011), ubu wabaye uruganda rwa mbere rukomeye muri Afurika mu bijyanye n’amashanyarazi akomoka ku mazi, rufite ubushobozi bwo kugeza ku Megawatt 5,150.

Iyo turebye amateka, imishinga nk’iyi ntabwo ari gusa kubaka ingufu, ahubwo iba ari ugusubiza ikibazo cy’ubukungu, ubukene n’ubusumbane mu gihugu no mu karere. GERD yabaye ikimenyetso gikomeye cy’uko Abanyafurika bashobora kwihangira ibikorwa binini bidasanzwe, bikubakwa n’amaboko yabo, kandi bikagira uruhare mu guhindura ubuzima bw’abaturage.

Etiyopiya ni kimwe mu bihugu bya Afurika bifite abaturage benshi ariko bifite ikibazo gikomeye cy’ingufu zamashanyarazi . Abaturage benshi bari bafite amahirwe make yo kubona umuriro w’amashanyarazi, kandi ibi byabangamiraga ubucuruzi, inganda n’uburezi.

Kubaka GERD ni igisubizo cy’umutekano w’ingufu:

• Izatanga amashanyarazi ku miryango irenga 70% y’Abanyetiyopiya batari bafite umuriro.
• Izafasha mu gufungura inganda nshya, kwagura ibikorwa bya serivisi n’ikoranabuhanga, no kongera umusaruro w’ubukungu.
• Uretse guha abaturage amashanyarazi, Etiyopiya izabona amahirwe yo kohereza amashanyarazi mu bindi bihugu nka Kenya, Sudani y’Epfo, Djibouti n’ibindi bihugu byo mu karere, ibyo bikazinjiriza amadevize akomeye igihugu.

Uretse ibyo, GERD yabaye ikimenyetso cy’iterambere ry’imbere mu gihugu kuko yatewe inkunga ahanini n’abaturage ubwabo: Leta yagurishije impapuro z’agaciro (bonds), abaturage bagatanga inkunga, ndetse n’ibigo bikomeye by’imbere mu gihugu bigira uruhare mu kuyubaka.

GERD ntizaguma kuba igikoresho cya politiki cyangwa igishushanyo ku mpapuro; ifite ingaruka zitaziguye ku baturage:

• Amashanyarazi ahendutse kandi ahagije: Benshi bazahabwa umuriro w’amasaha yose, bitandukanye na mbere aho hari uturere twamaraga ibyumweru nta muriro.
• Imirimo mishya: Mu gihe cyo kubaka, abantu ibihumbi n’ibihumbi bakoze imirimo itandukanye; nyuma y’itangwa ry’amashanyarazi, izindi nganda zishobora gufungurwa, zigatanga akazi ku rubyiruko.
• Ubuzima n’uburezi: Amashanyarazi yizewe afasha mu bikorwa byo kubaka ibitaro bigezweho, amashuri yifashisha ikoranabuhanga, ndetse n’urubyiruko rukabona internet yizewe.

Nubwo Etiyopiya ishima intambwe ikomeye imaze kugeraho, GERD si umushinga wanyuze neza amahanga yose. By’umwihariko:

• Misiri: Iki gihugu kimaze imyaka irenga 500 gikesha ubuzima bwayo inzuzi ya Nili. Misiri ivuga ko GERD izayitwara amazi menshi, bigatuma amazi akoreshwa mu buhinzi no mu buzima bwa buri munsi agabanuka.
• Sudani: Ifite aho ihuriye na Misiri mu kugira impungenge z’amazi, ariko nanone ikabona inyungu mu mishinga yo gusangira amashanyarazi no kugabanya imyuzure.

Etiyopiya yo ihagarara ku mugambi wayo ikavuga ko kubaka GERD ari uburenganzira bwayo nk’igihugu gikoresha umutungo kamere wacyo, kandi ko nta gahunda ifite yo kubuza amazi igihugu na kimwe.

Umwuka mubi hagati ya Misiri na Etiyopiya warushijeho kwiyongera, kugeza aho ibihugu byombi byagiye bigira ibiganiro mpuzamahanga, birimo n’ibifashijwe n’Umuryango w’Abibumbye (ONU) ndetse n’Umuryango w’Ubumwe bwa Afurika (AU). Ariko kugeza ubu, nta mwanzuro uhamye uraboneka ku bijyanye no kugabana amazi ya Nili.

Iyo twitegereje neza, GERD ntigomba kugarukirwaho nk’umushinga wa Etiyopiya gusa. Ni isomo rikomeye ku bihugu bya Afurika ku bijyanye no:

• Gukoresha umutungo kamere wabo badategereje inkunga z’amahanga.
• Kubaka ibikorwa remezo bikomeye bishobora guhindura imibereho y’abaturage.
• Gukomeza guharanira ko Afurika iba nyirayo mu bijyanye n’iterambere.

Kuri byinshi mu bihugu bya Afurika, ingufu z’amashanyarazi ziracyari ikibazo gikomeye. Hari ibihugu bifite amazi menshi, imigezi myinshi, ariko abaturage bagasigara mu mwijima. GERD ibereye urugero rw’uko bishoboka guhindura ibi byose.

Nubwo ibyiza byayo ari byinshi, abahanga bavuga ko hari n’ingorane zishobora kuzagaragara:

• Ibidukikije: Kubaka ikiyaga kinini inyuma y’uruganda bishobora kugira ingaruka ku bidukikije, harimo no kwimura abaturage bari batuye muri ako gace.
• Amazi make ku baturanyi: Misiri n’indi baturanyi bashobora guhura n’ibibazo mu gihe amazi ya Nili yagabanutse.
• Politiki mpuzamahanga: Kuba uyu mushinga waravugishije benshi, bishobora guhora bitera umwuka mubi mu karere, ku buryo ushobora no guteza amakimbirane y’igihe kirekire.

Ariko ibi byose bisaba ko ibihugu byakomeza ibiganiro, bigashyira imbere inyungu rusange kurusha inyungu z’umwe.

GERD yamaze guhinduka ikimenyetso cy’icyizere n’ubutwari ku Banyetiyopiya. Abaturage bavuga ko ari “Umugani mushya w’Afurika,” kuko wubatswe mu bihe bikomeye, mu gihe igihugu cyahanganye n’ibibazo bya politiki, ubukene n’icuraburindi ry’iterambere.

Ku rwego rw’akarere, GERD ishobora kuba intangiriro y’umushinga wo gusangira amashanyarazi mu karere k’Afurika y’Iburasirazuba no mu karere k’Amajyaruguru ya Afurika.

U Rwanda, kimwe n’ibindi bihugu bya Afurika y’Iburasirazuba, ruri kubaka imishinga y’amashanyarazi akomoka ku mazi nka Nyabarongo II, ariko ku rugero ruto ugereranyije na GERD. Isomo rikomeye rituruka muri GERD ni uko:

• Kwiyubakira ibikorwa remezo bikomeye bishoboka mu gihe abaturage bafatanyije.
• Ingufu zisukuye nk’amashanyarazi akomoka ku mazi, ari zo zifite ejo hazaza ugereranyije na peteroli cyangwa amakara.
• Umushinga umwe ushobora guhindura isura y’ubukungu bw’igihugu cyose.

GERD si uruganda rusanzwe rw’amashanyarazi. Ni inzira nshya y’icyerekezo cya Afurika, igaragaza uburyo ibihugu bishobora kwibohora, bikubaka ibikorwa bihambaye bifite agaciro gakomeye mu mibereho y’abaturage.

Nubwo hari amakimbirane, impungenge n’ibibazo, GERD izakomeza kuba urugero rw’uko Abanyafurika bashobora gufata icyemezo gikomeye, bakakigendera kugeza ku ntego.

Etiyopiya yanditse amateka mashya, kandi ibindi bihugu bya Afurika bifite amasomo menshi byo kwigiraho.