Ifaranga rishya rya Digital mu Rwanda: Uko rizakora n’Impamvu BNR Iritangije (CBDC)

Ku wa Kane, tariki 31 Nyakanga, Banki Nkuru y’u Rwanda (BNR) yatangaje ku mugaragaro ko igeze ku cyiciro cya Proof-of-Concept (PoC) mu ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) – amafaranga ya Leta ari mu shusho ya digitale. Iyo ntambwe ikurikiye iperereza n’isesengura ryimbitse BNR yakoze mu mwaka wa 2023 ku bufatanye n’umuryango Alliance for Financial Inclusion (AFI) hagamijwe gusuzuma inyungu, ibisabwa, n’ingaruka zishobora kuva mu kwinjiza iyi teknolojiya nshya mu Rwanda.

CBDC ni amafaranga acungwa kandi ashyirwa ku isoko na Banki Nkuru. Ni amafaranga asa n’ayo tumenyereye , ariko akaba ari mu buryo bwa digitale, ashobora gukoreshwa ku rwego rusange n’abaturage, ibigo by’imari, ndetse no mu rwego rw’ubucuruzi.

Mu gihe Isi iri mu mpinduka zikomeye z’uburyo amafaranga akoreshwa, u Rwanda ruri kwinjira mu murongo w’ibihugu biri gutekereza no kugerageza uburyo bushya bwo gutanga serivisi z’imari zicukumbuye, zihuse kandi zifite umutekano usesuye.

Iki gihe ni ingirakamaro cyane muri gahunda y’igihugu yo kubaka ubukungu bushingiye ku ikoranabuhanga, bushishikariza:

• ikoreshwa ry’amafaranga adakoreshwa impapuro (cashless economy),
• kongera imikorere myiza mu rwego rw’imari,
• guteza imbere ubukungu bwifashisha ikoranabuhanga.

CBDC ni iki kandi kuki ari ingenzi muri iki gihe?

CBDC (Central Bank Digital Currency) ni amafaranga ya Leta ari mu buryo bwa digitale, afite agaciro kangana n’ako amafaranga asanzwe  (1:1). Ni amafaranga afatwa nk’igikoresho cya Leta gitekanye 100%, kitagira ihindagurika nk’iry’amafaranga ya crypto cyangwa ay’ibigo byigenga.

CBDC irusha imbaraga uburyo busanzwe bw’amafaranga kubera ko:

• ari umutungo wa BNR, bityo ntiyateza igihombo cyatizwa n’ibigo by’imari,
• ikoreshwa kandi igahabwa agaciro mu gihugu byose nka cash,
• ishobora kuba igisubizo mu rwego rwo gutanga serivisi zihuse cyane (instant payments),
• itanga umutekano usesuye mu mikorere ya sisitemu y’imari.

CBDC ishobora kuba ibyiciro bibiri:

1. Retail CBDC: ikoreshwa n’abaturage bose na ba rwiyemezamirimo.
2. Wholesale CBDC: ikoreshwa n’amabanki n’ibigo by’imari hamwe na Leta mu micungire y’imari minini.

U Rwanda rurimo gusuzuma iki cyiciro cya mbere, gishobora guhuzwa na gahunda yo kwihutisha ubukungu budakoresha amafaranga mu ntoki.

Intambwe ya BNR: Kugera ku cyiciro cya Proof-of-Concept

Icyiciro cya PoC ni urwego rwa kabiri mu rugendo rwa IMF rugizwe n’ibyiciro bitanu aribyo:

1. Preparation – gutegura no gukora ubushakashatsi.
2. Proof-of-Concept – igerageza rito mu buryo bw’ikoranabuhanga.
3. Prototype – gukora icyitegererezo gikora.
4. Pilot – kugerageza ku bantu bamwe.
5. Production – gushyira CBDC ku isoko mu buryo bwuzuye.

BNR imaze gusoza icyiciro cya mbere. Kuri ubu yatangiye:

• gukora igerageza rishingiye ku murimo (use cases),
• kumenya uburyo sisitemu yaba ikora mu buryo bw’umutekano usesuye,
• gusuzuma niba imikorere ya CBDC yakemura ibibazo by’ingutu byagaragajwe mu bushakashatsi bwayo.

BNR ivuga ko iki cyiciro kizayiha ubumenyi bwimbitse n’ingamba zifatika zizashingirwaho mu gufata icyemezo ku cyiciro kizakurikiraho.

Impamvu z’Ingenzi Zatumye u Rwanda Rutekereza kuri CBDC: “Sweet Spots” uko ari 4

Iperereza rya BNR mu Bushakashatsi bwa CBDC ryagaragaje impamvu 15 zishobora gutuma CBDC ari ngombwa. Ariko 4 muri zo zihabwa agaciro gakomeye kuko arizo zitanga inyungu nini kandi zidafite ubundi buryo bwo kuzisimbura neza. Izo ni:

1. Kwiyongera kw’Ubushobozi bwo Kwirinda Ibibazo bya Sisitemu (Resilience)

Ikibazo cy’imbaraga z’amashanyarazi n’itumanaho mu gihugu ntikirenze ubushakashatsi. Nubwo hari intambwe yatewe

Mu gihe amafaranga menshi agenda yifashishije mobile money na banki, igihe habaye ikibazo cya network:

• ubucuruzi burahagarara,
• amafaranga ntago agenda ,
• imiryango irahomba,
• ingendo zihagarara,
• ibikorwa bya Leta birahungabana.

CBDC ishobora kuza itanga ubushobozi bwo gukora offline, hifashishijwe uburyo nka:

• smart cards,
• NFC na Bluetooth,
• SIM cards zifite ubushobozi bwo kubika tokens offline,
• feature phones.

Ibi byatuma abantu bishyura n’ubwo nta Internet cyangwa umuriro udahari.

2. Guteza Imbere Ihangana n’Ubushakashatsi mu Ikoranabuhanga

Isoko ryo mu Rwanda rirangajwe imbere na:

• Mobile money (MTN na Airtel),
• rikagira ubukungu buri mu maboko y’abacuruzi babiri gusa.

Ibi bituma:

• igiciro cy’ubwishyu kiba hejuru,
• innovation igenda gake,
• amahitamo ku isoko aba macye.

CBDC ishobora:

• gutanga uburyo bushya buhendutse kuri bose,
• gutuma amakampani mashya y’Ikoranabuhanga (fintechs) yinjira mu isoko,
• gutuma ikiguzi cya mobile money cyiyongera ku ruhande rw’abaguzi,
• guteza imbere programmable payments, smart contracts n’ubwenge bw’inyongera mu mikorere y’ubucuruzi.

3. Gutanga Umusanzu mu Guhindura u Rwanda Cashless Economy

Mu Rwanda:

• Cash ziracyari nyinshi mu baturage,
• Ikoreshwa rya cash rihenda Leta, amabanki, n’abacuruzi,
• Gutwara cash, kuyitunganya no kuyicunga bihenze cyane.

Raporo ya BNR igaragaza ko:

• kuva 2018 kugeza 2022, BNR yatakaje amafaranga arenga miliyoni 30 USD mu gucapa no gutunganya amafaranga,
• aya mafaranga agiye kongerwa miliyoni 5 USD mu myaka itanu iri imbere.

CBDC iramutse yinjijwe neza:

• amafaranga mu ntoki yagenda agabanuka,
• ibiciro byo gucapa no kuyitunganya bigabanuke,
• imikorere y’ubucuruzi yihute,
• igihugu kirusheho kuba cash-lite.

4. Guhendura no Kwihutisha Ihererekanyabubasha mu Kwishyurana hagati y’Ibihugu (Cross-Border Remittances)

Remittances z’abanyarwanda bari mu mahanga n’abaturanyi:

• zirahenda cyane (hari aho zigeraho 29%),
• bifata igihe kirekire,
• ntiziba zigaragara neza.

CBDC ishobora:

• kugabanya ikiguzi cy’ikiguzi cy’amafaranga anyura mu mabanki,
• gutuma amafaranga yambuka imbibi mu minota ibiri,
• kuzana uburyo bwizewe hagati y’ibihugu bya EAC,
• gufasha abacuruzi bato n’abakozi bo mu mahanga.

Ibihugu byinshi nka Singapore, Thailand, Kanada, UAE byamaze kugerageza blockchain-based CBDC corridors, bikaba bitanga umusaruro ukomeye mu kugabanya ibiciro no kongera umuvuduko.

Inzitizi zikomeye CBDC ishobora guhura na zo mu Rwanda (Pitfalls)

Nubwo hari amahirwe menshi, ubushakashatsi bwa BNR bwagaragaje inzitizi 2 zikomeye cyane:

1. Kwemera CBDC n’Abaturage

Abanyarwanda benshi:

• bakoresha mobile money mu buryo bwagutse,
• bafite imyumvire yubatse ku buryo bw’igihe kirekire bwo kwishyura,
• bamwe bakigira icyizere gike ku bicuruzwa bishya by’ikoranabuhanga,
• hari intege nke mu bijyanye n’ubumenyingiro ndetse na smartphone penetration iri munsi ya 25%.

CBDC igomba:

• gusobanurwa neza,
• kubakwa mu buryo bworoshye gukoresha,
• kudatanga ikiguzi kuri serivisi z’ibanze,
• gutanga inyungu zifatika ku baturage n’abacuruzi.

2. Kwemera CBDC n’Abatanga Serivisi z’Imari na Ba Rwiyemezamirimo

Abatanga serivisi z’imari:

• bashyize imbaraga nyinshi mu kubaka mobile money,
• bafite inyungu nyinshi mu kwishyurisha uburyo bwabo,
• bashobora kugaragaza impungenge z’uko CBDC yabambura isoko.

BNR igomba:

• kubashishikariza gutanga serivisi zongera agaciro kuri CBDC,
• kubakorera business model ijyanye no kunguka ku bundi buryo nko kuri value-added services,
• kubagira abafatanyabikorwa mu gutanga servisi za CBDC.

Uko CBDC izaba iteye: Ibyo BNR itekereza mu Rwego rwa Design

BNR mu bushakashatsi bwayo yagaragaje ko CBDC yakwiye kuba ifite imiterere ikurikira:

1. Two-tier Model

CBDC igahabwa abaturage binyuze:

• ku mabanki,
• ku bigo by’imari,
• ku telecoms.

BNR ikaba ari yo ikora issuance kandi ikayicunga.

2. Zero Interest Model

CBDC ntizatanga inyungu (nko mu kubika kuri konti), kugira ngo:

• idahungabanya amabanki,
• idatuma abantu bakura amafaranga menshi kuri banki bakayashyira kuri CBDC.

3. Partial Pseudo-Anonymity

• ikarinda ubwiru bw’umukoresha,
• ariko ikagira ubushobozi bwo kugenzura ibyaha nk’iterabwoba cyangwa ricuruza amafaranga.

4. Offline + Online Functionality

CBDC izaba ishobora:

• gukora nta Internet,
• gukora nta muriro,
• gukora mu buryo bwa digitale bwifashisha tokens.

5. Interoperability

CBDC izahuza:

• banki,
• mobile money,
• RNDPS (eKash),
• izashobora kuba ihuza n’izindi CBDC mu gihe kizaza.

Icyerekezo cya BNR: Iterambere mu Ntambwe zicunguwe

BNR irateganya gukora mu byiciro:

1. User research – kumenya icyo abaturage bakeneye.
2. Proof-of-Concept – igerageza rito ry’uburyo bukoreshwa.
3. Prototype – gukora version y’ikoranabuhanga iri hafi yo kuba iya nyuma.
4. Pilot – kuyigerageza ku baturage muke.
5. Production – kuyishyira ku isoko mu gihugu hose.

BNR ivuga ko idashaka kwihuta cyane, ahubwo ikifuza gukora ibintu yitonze kugira ngo:

• idahungabanya isoko,
• idahungabanya amabanki,
• idatuma abantu batizigira ikoranabuhanga rishya.

Icyo Ibi Bivuze ku Bukungu bw’u Rwanda

Niba CBDC yinjijwe neza, u Rwanda rushobora kungukira muri byinshi:

1. Gutanga imirimo mishya mu bijyanye n’ikoranabuhanga

• fintechs,
• cybersecurity,
• data management.

2. Kwigarurira isoko ry’ibijyanye n’iterambere ry’amafaranga ya digitale muri Afurika

Iki ni igihe cyo kwinjira mu murongo w’ibihugu nka:

• Nigeria (eNaira),
• Ghana (e-Cedi),
• South Africa,
• Kenya (iri mu bushakashatsi).

3. Kwiyubakira urwego rw’amafaranga rwuzuye tekiniki

Mu gihe amahanga agenda yerekeza ku mafaranga ya digitale, u Rwanda ruzaba:

• rwiteguye ejo hazaza,
• rufite sisitemu ikomeye,
• ruri mu murongo wa Afrika y’Iburasirazuba mu guhanga udushya.

Urugendo rwa CBDC mu Rwanda rwo kwinjira mu cyiciro cya Proof-of-Concept ni intambwe ikomeye igaragaza:

• ubushake bwa Leta bwo gushyira imbere ikoranabuhanga,
• guhanga udushya mu mibikire y’imari,
• kubaka sisitemu ihamye kandi igezweho,
• gutanga umusanzu mu kwihutisha cashless economy.

Nubwo hari inzitizi zizakemurwa no gukomeza gukora ubushakashatsi, amahirwe ari imbere ni menshi kandi afite imbaraga mu kuzamura ubukungu bw’igihugu.

BNR iri mu nzira y’isi yose irimo kuganisha ku mafaranga ya digitale, kandi kumenya kare kugerageza no kurinda sisitemu y’igihugu bizafasha Abanyarwanda kwinjira mu bukungu bw’ahazaza butekanye kandi bugezweho.