Mu myaka ya vuba, inguzanyo za banki zagize uruhare runini mu mibereho y’abantu benshi ku Isi no mu Rwanda by’umwihariko. Hari ababigeraho bagakira babikesha inguzanyo ya banki, abandi bikabashora mu bukene budashira bakagurisha n’imitungo yabo.
Inguzanyo ni amafaranga umuntu cyangwa isosiyete ifata ku kigo cy’imari (nka banki) agasabwa kuyishyura nyuma y’igihe runaka hiyongereyeho inyungu. Banki zitanga izi nguzanyo hagamijwe kunguka, ariko n’umukiliya biteganywa ko aba afite intego yo kwiteza imbere.
Zimwe mu nguzanyo zikunzwe cyane harimo:
- Inguzanyo y’ubucuruzi
- Inguzanyo y’imitungo itimukanwa (mortgage)
- Inguzanyo z’abakozi ku mushahara (salary loans)
- Inguzanyo z’imodoka
- Inguzanyo z’ishoramari mu buhinzi n’ubworozi
- Inguzanyo y;ogukora ubukwe
Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe na World Bank mu 2022 bwerekanye ko 34% by’abaturage mu bihugu biri mu nzira y’amajyambere bigeze gufata inguzanyo mu buzima bwabo. Muri abo, 18% gusa nibo bageze ku rwego rwo kwiyubaka bihamye, barimo abacuruzi bato, abahinzi bafite gahunda, n’abubatse amazu y’ubucuruzi.
Bizimana Théoneste ni umucuruzi wo mu Karere ka Nyamagabe. Yafashe inguzanyo ya miliyoni 7 Frw muri 2018 ayashora mu bucuruzi bw’imbuto avana i Nyamasheke. Yahereye ku gacuruzi gato, agura imodoka, akodesha amaduka i Huye n’i Kigali. Ubu afite isosiyete yise “Fresh Rwanda” icuruza imbuto ku isoko mpuzamahanga. Avuga ati:
“Iyo wifashishije inguzanyo uko bikwiye, iba isoko y’ubukire. Ariko iyo uyifashe udafite igenamigambi, iba umusaraba.”
Nubwo hari benshi bageraho bagatera imbere, abandi benshi bagwa mu mutego wa banki bakabura byose. Ibi biterwa n’impamvu zitandukanye:
- Kubura ubumenyi mu micungire y’inguzanyo
- Kubeshya ku byinjira nicyo amafarnga azakoreshwa
- Kufata inguzanyo zirenze ubushobozi
- Gushora mu mishinga idafite inyungu yihuse cyangwa idakurikiranywe neza
Mukamana Odette wo mu karere ka Rubavu yari umwarimu w’ishuri ribanza. Yafashe inguzanyo ya miliyoni 5 Frw kugira ngo acuruze imyenda avana i Kampala. Ariko ntiyashoboye kuyicunga neza, amafaranga ayakoresha mu bintu bitari ngombwa, harimo gutanga ruswa ngo abone isoko. Ubucuruzi bwe burahomba, amafaranga arashirira, banki itangira kumuca inyungu zihanitse, biza kurangira asohowe mu nzu ye yishyuriraga mu nguzanyo, arara ku muhanda.
“Nakerezaga ko ubuzima bwiza buba mu mafaranga menshi, sinari nzi ko amafaranga ya banki agira ubukana,”.
Ikindi giteye inkeke ni igihe umuntu aba “umwishingizi ” y’undi. Abantu benshi bishyura inguzanyo batigeze bafata kubera ko babaye abishingizi bi inshuti zabo cyangwa abo bafitanye isano, nyamara abo bantu bakanga kwishyura.
Mu 2023, umusore witwa Kalisa Eric yabereye ingwate mugenzi we wacuruzaga telefoni. Umucuruzi arafunga, telefoni zifatwa n’ubugenzacyaha, ariko banki ikomeza gusaba Kalisa kwishyura miliyoni 2.5 Frw nk’uko amategeko abiteganya. Yabaye nk’utaye umutwe, arirukanka agenda yambaye ubusa, ajyanwa i Ndera kwa muganga. Ibi ni ibyabaye koko, nk’uko byemezwa na bamwe mu bo biganaga muri INES-Ruhengeri.
Dr. Nshimyimana Jean Bosco, inzobere mu bukungu muri Kaminuza y’u Rwanda, avuga ko inguzanyo ari igikoresho cy’ingirakamaro mu iterambere ry’abantu n’ibigo, ariko ari nki “inkota ifite ubugi impande zombi”.
“Inguzanyo y’ingirakamaro ni ifatwa ku bwumvikane, ifite aho igana, igakoreshwa ku kinyungu kizwi kandi ikishyurwa ku gihe. Iyo bitagenze gutyo, iragutwika.”
Yongeraho ko mu Rwanda hari ikibazo gikomeye cy’abantu bafata inguzanyo bashaka kwihutira gukira, bityo ntibite ku mahame agenga ishoramari ryiza.
Inama z’Ingenzi ku Bifuza Gukoresha Inguzanyo
- Itegure neza: Tegura umushinga uhamye, ugaragaza aho uzakura amafaranga n’igihe uzatangira kunguka.
- Fata amafaranga ushoboye kwishyura: Irinde inguzanyo irenze ubushobozi bwawe bwo kuyishyura.
- Irinde kuyashora mu bintu bidatanga inyungu: Nka telefoni zihenze, ibirori cyangwa gushimisha abandi.
- Kora inyigo (business plan): Niba utabishoboye, jya ku bagufasha kwiga umushinga cyangwa ba consultant.
- Irinde kubera ingwate umuntu utizewe: Wibeshya ngo ni inshuti cyangwa umuvandimwe, ejo uzishyura we agaseka.
Niyonsenga Clementine, umugore wo mu Karere ka Musanze, yafashe inguzanyo y’ibihumbi 800 Frw yaguze inka ebyiri. Ubu amaze kugira inka 11 n’amafaranga abitse kuri konti ya SACCO arenze miliyoni 4. Avuga ati:
“Nari nzi ko banki ari iya bakire, noneho narayegereye sinasubira inyuma.”
Ibi bigaragaza ko iyo umuntu ayikoresheje neza, inguzanyo ishobora guhindura ubuzima akava mu bukene.
Ibyo twavuze birerekana ko inguzanyo igira impande ebyiri. Si nziza cyangwa mbi, ahubwo ni uko uyikoresha. Kugira ubumenyi, kugira igenamigambi, no kubaho ukurikije ubushobozi ni byo shingiro ryo kuyibyaza umusaruro.
Inama y’ingenzi ku basomyi
- Aho guhubuka ngo ufashe amafaranga ya banki, banza ufate ikaramu n’urupapuro.
- Tega amatwi inama z’abahanga.
- Jya ukora buhoro buhoro, kuko inguzanyo itari umuti w’ibibazo byose.